Cloning is an asexual reproduction and Agama. Fertilization itself is replaced by the fusion of a nucleus taken from a somatic cell itself, with a enucleated oocyte, ie, deprived of maternal genome. The somatic cell nucleus contains all the genetic, why, and individual obtained possesses the genetic identity of the donor nucleus. This is what makes the new copy of the donor individual.
The Edinburgh event occurred after 277 oocyte-donor nucleus fusions. Only 8 of the 277 started embryonic development, of which only 1 was born: Dolly the sheep.
There are still many doubts about this experiment. As the possibility that among the 277 donor cells used there were some not equipped with a totally differentiated genome, the role it may have had possibly residual mitochondrial DNA in the mother's egg, and many others.
The Edinburgh event occurred after 277 oocyte-donor nucleus fusions. Only 8 of the 277 started embryonic development, of which only 1 was born: Dolly the sheep.
There are still many doubts about this experiment. As the possibility that among the 277 donor cells used there were some not equipped with a totally differentiated genome, the role it may have had possibly residual mitochondrial DNA in the mother's egg, and many others.
Scientific aspect
To clone by physical or chemical factors without male seed, remove the nucleus of an unfertilized egg and replaced with the nucleus of a cell of an adult organism asexual, male or female. This cell can be a skin or intestine, and the egg with its nucleus transplanted develops as if it had been fertilized by a sperm.
Progress over time:
The first experiments were conducted in 1952, using frogs, with results of little value. Amazing progress was made in 1970 and in 1981 was cloned a mouse.
John Gurdon showed in 1967 that it was possible to clone a frog from the cells in your gut. His research earned him a Nobel Prize.
Neal First, a physiologist at the University of Madison (USA), succeeded in creating in 1986 the first cow cloning, after ten years of experiments. He picked up a cell of a 6-day bovine embryo and shock it merged with a fertilized egg. The resulting embryo was implanted into a cow, a calf was born normal. If First would have repeated the experiment with 32 cells of the embryo of 6 days 32 clones were obtained.
In 1993, the director of In Vitro Fertilization Laboratory, School of Medicine George Washington, Jerry Halt, perfected the technique by dividing an embryo into several parts before implantation, which would have allowed to increase the chances of pregnancy (if the first implant failed, was tested with a second or third).
To clone by physical or chemical factors without male seed, remove the nucleus of an unfertilized egg and replaced with the nucleus of a cell of an adult organism asexual, male or female. This cell can be a skin or intestine, and the egg with its nucleus transplanted develops as if it had been fertilized by a sperm.
Progress over time:
The first experiments were conducted in 1952, using frogs, with results of little value. Amazing progress was made in 1970 and in 1981 was cloned a mouse.
John Gurdon showed in 1967 that it was possible to clone a frog from the cells in your gut. His research earned him a Nobel Prize.
Neal First, a physiologist at the University of Madison (USA), succeeded in creating in 1986 the first cow cloning, after ten years of experiments. He picked up a cell of a 6-day bovine embryo and shock it merged with a fertilized egg. The resulting embryo was implanted into a cow, a calf was born normal. If First would have repeated the experiment with 32 cells of the embryo of 6 days 32 clones were obtained.
In 1993, the director of In Vitro Fertilization Laboratory, School of Medicine George Washington, Jerry Halt, perfected the technique by dividing an embryo into several parts before implantation, which would have allowed to increase the chances of pregnancy (if the first implant failed, was tested with a second or third).
Legislation on cloning.
This finding with regard to cloning showed the world that there is appropriate legislation for such experiments are not conducted in humans.
Measures taken by governments or agencies
The U.S. President, Bill Clinton, said: "After analyzing the constraints, our administration has shown that there are around that could occur and would allow the cloning of a human being, if the technology was developed."
For its part, the Minister of Health of Italy issued an ordinance that states: "It is forbidden any form of experimentation and intervention, practiced or oriented to human or animal cloning."
This finding with regard to cloning showed the world that there is appropriate legislation for such experiments are not conducted in humans.
Measures taken by governments or agencies
The U.S. President, Bill Clinton, said: "After analyzing the constraints, our administration has shown that there are around that could occur and would allow the cloning of a human being, if the technology was developed."
For its part, the Minister of Health of Italy issued an ordinance that states: "It is forbidden any form of experimentation and intervention, practiced or oriented to human or animal cloning."
Is clone a person? The person is a unique, comprehensive, and unique subject of rights and obligations, able to self-determination. With this thought, deny the possibility of giving personality to be cloned, because it is neither unique, nor unusual nor unique: it is subject, by not being a person not be subject of rights or obligations, or be able to self-determination .
The foundation is the feature "unique and irreplaceable" person. They think that if a clone is to be obtained required a person "original" or "source" of genetic material, and since this person is the one with the characters "unique and unrepeatable", the clone is not unique nor is it unique, for therefore: the clone is not a person. In trying to define the status, only able to identify them as "individuals within the general, but non-persons".
The foundation is the feature "unique and irreplaceable" person. They think that if a clone is to be obtained required a person "original" or "source" of genetic material, and since this person is the one with the characters "unique and unrepeatable", the clone is not unique nor is it unique, for therefore: the clone is not a person. In trying to define the status, only able to identify them as "individuals within the general, but non-persons".
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario